A Look at Zambia Cyber Crimes Act Targeting “Obscene Online Material”

Zambia’s Information and Communications Technology Regulatory Authority (ZICTA) has begun wielding powers granted under the Cyber Crimes Act No. 4 of 2025 to curb the spread of “vulgar” material on social media. Responding to a viral video showing a police sergeant and a correctional officer in an intimate encounter, ZICTA described an “escalating circulation of obscene material” that undermines national values. Officials warned that using ICT systems to publish or transmit obscene, vulgar or indecent content with intent to humiliate or cause emotional distress is now a criminal offence.

Penalties and enforcement

Under the Cyber Crimes Act, offenders face fines up to K 200 000 (≈US$8 589) or two years in prison – or both. ZICTA spokesperson Hanford Chaaba said the regulator would work with other government agencies and law enforcement to promote responsible use of ICTs and safeguard citizens from online abuse. Police have already arrested the medal‑winning sprinter featured in the video and her partner; charges include production and circulation of obscene material. The case marks one of the first high‑profile applications of the new law.

Free‑speech concerns

Critics argue that the government of President Hakainde Hichilema, a former opposition leader, is using the law to stifle dissent and tighten control over cyberspace. Zambia’s opposition has long complained about crackdowns on online media, including the blocking of independent news websites. Human‑rights groups warn that vague definitions of “vulgar” or “obscene” could be exploited to silence political opponents and activists.

The Cyber Crimes Act, passed earlier in 2025, was introduced to address growing cyber fraud and online harassment. It criminalises cyberbullying, identity theft and the dissemination of child pornography, aligning Zambia with international cybercrime conventions. However, digital‑rights advocates say implementation must be carefully monitored to ensure it does not encroach on legitimate expression and privacy. The arrest of the sprinter has reignited debate over whether law enforcement is prioritising morality policing over more pressing cyber threats.

For Zambians, the new enforcement drive means increased scrutiny of social media posts and personal communications. Businesses operating online should review content policies to ensure compliance. The controversy also highlights a wider trend across African countries – from Nigeria’s social media bill to Tanzania’s online content regulations – where governments are tightening digital controls under the banner of cybersecurity.